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2	Chapter 10 Chemical Quantities or
3	How you measure how much? You can measure mass, or volume, or you can count pieces. We measure mass in grams. We measure volume in liters. We count pieces in MOLES.
4	Moles Defined as the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12. 1 mole is 6.02 x 10²³ particles. Treat it like a very large dozen 6.02 x 10²³ is called Avogadro's number.
5	Representative particles The smallest pieces of a substance. For an element it is an atom. Unless it is diatomic For a molecular compound it is a molecule. For an ionic compound it is a formula unit.
6	Conversion factors Used to change units. Three questions What unit do you want to get rid of? Where does it go to cancel out? What can you change it into?
7	Calculation question How many molecules of CO₂ are the in 4.56 moles of CO₂ ?
8	Calculation question How many moles of water is 5.87 x 10²² molecules?
9	Calculation question How many atoms of carbon are there in 1.23 moles of C₆H₁₂O₆ ?
10	Measuring Moles The amu was one twelfth the mass of a carbon 12 atom. Since the mole is the number of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, the decimal number on the periodic table is The mass of the average atom in amu the mass of 1 mole of those atoms in grams.
11	Gram Atomic Mass The mass of 1 mole of an element in grams. 12.01 grams of carbon has the same number of atoms as 1.01 grams of hydrogen and 55.85 grams of iron. We can write this as 12.01 g C = 1 mole We can count things by weighing them.
12	Examples How much would 2.34 moles of carbon weigh?
13	Examples How many moles of magnesium in 4.61 g of Mg?
14	Examples How much would 3.45 x 10²² atoms of U weigh?
15	What about compounds? in 1 mole of H₂O molecules there are two moles of H atoms and 1 mole of O atoms To find the mass of one mole of a compound determine the moles of the elements they have Find out how much they would weigh add them up
16	What about compounds? What is the mass of one mole of CH₄? 1 mole of C = 12.01 g 4 mole of H x 1.01 g = 4.04g 1 mole CH₄ = 12.01 + 4.04 = 16.05g
17	Molar Mass The mass of 1 mole What is the molar mass of Fe₂O₃? 2 moles of Fe x 55.85 g = 111.70 g 3 moles of O x 16.00 g = 48.00 g The GFM = 111.70 g + 48.00 g = 159.70g
18	Using Molar Mass Finding moles of compounds Counting pieces by weighing
19	Molar Mass The number of grams in 1 mole of atoms, formula units, or molecules. We can make conversion factors from these. To change grams of a compound to moles of a compound. Or moles to grams
20	For example How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
21	For example How many moles is 5.69 g of NaOH?
22	Gases and the Mole
23	Gases Many of the chemicals we deal with are gases. They are difficult to weigh, so we’ll measure volume Need to know how many moles of gas we have. Two things affect the volume of a gas Temperature and pressure Compare at the same temp. and pressure.
24	Standard Temperature and Pressure Avogadro's Hypothesis - at the same temperature and pressure equal volumes of gas have the same number of particles. 0ºC and 1 atmosphere pressure Abbreviated atm 273 K and 101.3 kPa kPa is kiloPascal
25	At Standard Temperature and Pressure abbreviated STP At STP 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 L Called the molar volume Used for conversion factors Moles to Liter and L to mol
26	Examples What is the volume of 4.59 mole of CO₂ gas at STP?
27	Density of a gas D = m /V for a gas the units will be g / L We can determine the density of any gas at STP if we know its formula. To find the density we need the mass and the volume. If you assume you have 1 mole than the mass is the molar mass (PT) At STP the volume is 22.4 L.
28	Examples Find the density of CO₂at STP.
29	Quizdom Find the density of CH₄ at STP.
30	The other way Given the density, we can find the molar mass of the gas. Again, pretend you have a mole at STP, so V = 22.4 L. m = D x V m is the mass of 1 mole, since you have 22.4 L of the stuff. What is the molar mass of a gas with a density of 1.964 g/L?
31	All the things we can change
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33	Percent Composition Like all percents Part x 100 % whole Find the mass of each component, divide by the total mass.
34	Example Calculate the percent composition of a compound that is 29.0 g of Ag with 4.30 g of S.
35	Getting it from the formula If we know the formula, assume you have 1 mole. Then you know the pieces and the whole.
36	Examples Calculate the percent composition of C₂H₄?
37	Examples What is the percent composition of Aluminum carbonate.
38	Percent to Mass Multiply % by the total mass to find the mass of that component. How much aluminum in 450 g of aluminum carbonate?
39	Empirical Formula From percentage to formula
40	The Empirical Formula The lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound. The molecular formula the actual ratio of elements in a compound. The two can be the same. CH₂ empirical formula C₂H₄ molecular formula C₃H₆ molecular formula H₂O both
41	Finding Empirical Formulas Just find the lowest whole number ratio C₆H₁₂O₆ CH₄N₂ It is not just the ratio of atoms, it is also the ratio of moles of atoms.
42	Calculating Empirical Formulas Means we can get ratio from percent composition. Assume you have a 100 g. The percentages become grams. Turn grams to moles. Find lowest whole number ratio by dividing everything by the smallest moles.
43	Example Calculate the empirical formula of a compound composed of 38.67 % C, 16.22 % H, and 45.11 %N. Assume 100 g so 38.67 g C x 1mol C = 3.220 mole C 12.01 gC 16.22 g H x 1mol H = 16.1 mole H 1.01 gH 45.11 g N x 1mol N = 3.220 mole N 14.01 gN
44	Example The ratio is 3.220 mol C = 1 mol C 3.220 molN 1 mol N The ratio is 16.1 mol H = 5 mol H 3.220 molN 1 mol N C₁H₅N₁ Caffeine is 49.48% C, 5.15% H, 28.87% N and 16.49% O. What is its empirical formula?
45	Empirical to molecular Caffeine is 49.48% C, 5.15% H, 28.87% N and 16.49% O. What is its empirical formula? Since the empirical formula is the lowest ratio the actual molecule would weigh the same or more. By a whole number multiple. Divide the actual molar mass by the the mass of one mole of the empirical formula. You will get a whole number. Multiply the empirical formula by this.
46	Example A compound has an empirical formula of ClCH₂ and a molar mass of 98.96 g/mol. What is its molecular formula? A compound has an empirical formula of CH₂O and a molar mass of 180.0 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?
47	Percent to molecular Take the percent x the molar mass This gives you mass in one mole of the compound Change this to moles You will get whole numbers These are the subscripts Caffeine is 49.48% C, 5.15% H, 28.87% N and 16.49% O. It has a molar mass of 194 g. What is its molecular formula?
48	Example Ibuprofen is 75.69 % C, 8.80 % H, 15.51 % O, and has a molar mass of about 207 g/mol. What is its molecular formula?